PERKEMBANGAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN KEMISKINAN Analisa Teologi Etika Kristen Pada Masalah Ekonomi Dan Ekologi
Main Article Content
Abstract
Advances in science have brought great changes in human life. Progress has brought mankind on earth to be king over all of God's creation. Genesis 1:28 has been understood indefinitely; Humans feel they have great power on earth, as a result, the earth suffers, nature cries because the earth is the object of exploitation of scientific progress. Humans have an increasing desire to dominate and exploit the earth. Greed becomes a lifestyle and indifference to others and the environment as if it is a normal thing and is tolerated. Even though it is undeniable that scientific progress has brought new hope for humans, humans have become wild animals for their natural environment and for each other. This study aims to analyze poverty as an economic and ecological problem in which human actions on the natural environment are involved, humans are the main actors of all life activities. The writing method used is Christian ethical theology with an approach to economic theology and ecological theology. The results of this paper are first, humans feel they have great power to change the world and the universe, resulting in environmental damage and poverty. Second, poverty is considered a personal problem and not a social problem, so they feel they do not have a social responsibility to help the poor. Third, technological advances have brought many changes, both positive and negative.
Kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan telah membawa perubahan besar dalam kehidupan manusia. Kemajuan telah membawa umat manusia di bumi menjadi raja atas segala ciptaan Tuhan. Kejadian 1:28 telah dipahami secara bebas tanpa batas; manusia merasa memiliki kekuasaan yang besar di bumi, akibatnya bumi menjadi menderita, alam menangis karena bumi menjadi obyek eksploitasi kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan. Manusia memiliki hasrat yang meningkat untuk menguasai dan mengeksploitasi bumi. Keserakahan menjadi gaya hidup dan ketidakpedulian terhadap sesama dan lingkungan seakan suatu hal biasa dan ditolerir. Sekalipun tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan telah membawa pengharapan baru bagi manusia, namun dibalik itu juga manusia telah menjadi binatang buas bagi alam lingkungannya dan bagi sesamanya. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa kemiskinan sebagai masalah ekonomi dan ekologi di mana di dalamnya tercakup tindakan manusia terhadap lingkungan alam, manusia menjadi pemeran utama dari keseluruhan aktifitas kehidupan tersebut. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah bidang teologi etika Kristen dengan pendekatan teologi ekonomi dan teologi ekologi. Hasil dari penulisan ini adalah pertama, manusia merasa memiliki kuasa besar untuk mengubah dunia alam semesta, akibatnya terjadi kerusakan lingkungan dan kemiskinan. Kedua, kemiskinan dianggap sebagai masalah pribadi dan bukan masalah sosial, sehingga merasa tidak memiliki tanggung jawab sosial masyarakat dalam membantu orang miskin. Ketiga, kemajuan teknologi telah membawa banyak perubahan baik secara positip maupun negatif.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Bailey, Jerome Edgar. “‘Poverty, Wealth and Ecology’: A Critical Analysis of a ‘World Council of Churches Project (2006-2013).’” University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/handle/11394/8110.
Banawiratma, J.B., and J. Muller. Berteologi Sosial Lintas Ilmu (Kemiskinan Sebagai Tantangan Hidup Beriman). Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2012.
Bangun, Maraike. “Noken - An Eco-Ethic Metaphor for a Creation-Based Mission Model: From ‘Soul Evangelism’ to ‘Life-Flourishing Evangelism.’” In KAIROS FOR CREATION: Confessing Hope for the Earth, edited by Louk Andrianos, Michael Biehl, Ruth Gütter, Jochen Motte, Andar Parlindungan, Thomas Sandner, Juliane Stork, and Dietrich Werner, 213–33. Wuppertal, Germany: Foedus-Verlag, 2019. https://www.brot-fuer-die-welt.de/fileadmin/mediapool/2_Downloads/en/20_About_Us/Wuppertal_Kairos_for_Creation_Publication_01.pdf.
Bird, Michael F. Romans: The Story of God Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Academic, 2015.
Borong, Robert P. Etika Bumi Baru. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2014.
Boshoff, Willem S. “Article Title: ‘Creation as a Cosmic Temple: Reading Genesis 1:1–2:4a in Light of Willie van Heerden’s Ecological Insights.’” Journal for Semitics 30, no. 1 (June 2, 2021). https://doi.org/10.25159/2663-6573/9569.
Carson, D.A., and John D. Woodbridge, eds. God and Culture (Allah Dan Kebudayaan). Surabaya: Momentum Christian Literature, 2012.
Cohen, Boyd, and Monika I. Winn. “Market Imperfections, Opportunity and Sustainable Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 22, no. 1 (January 2007): 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.12.001.
Dean, Janet B., Stephen P. Stratton, and Mark A. Yarhouse. “Becoming an Intentional Church Community: Relationships, Security, and Discipleship in Sexual Identity and Faith Development.” Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 232–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739891320948882.
Deckers, Jan. “Christianity and Ecological Ethics: The Significance of Process Thought and a Panexperientialist Critique of Strong Anthropocentrism.” Ecotheology 9, no. 3 (December 2004): 359–87. https://doi.org/10.1558/ecot.9.3.359.59073.
Dimitriadis, Vasilios. “Gustavo Gutiérrez: Liberation Theology for a World of Social Justice and Just Peace.” Journal of Ecumenical Studies 54, no. 3 (2019): 431–41. https://doi.org/10.1353/ecu.2019.0033.
Geisler, Norman L. Etika Kristen Pilihan Dan Isu. Malang: Seminari Alkitab Asia Tenggara, 2012.
Gill, Robin. Christian Ethics: The Basics. 1st ed. Oxfordshire, England: Routledge, 2018.
Griffin, David Ray. Visi-Visi Postmodern, Spiritualitas & Masyarakat. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2015.
Guerrero, Maribel, Francisco Liñán, and F. Rafael Cáceres-Carrasco. “The Influence of Ecosystems on the Entrepreneurship Process: A Comparison across Developed and Developing Economies.” Small Business Economics 57, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 1733–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00392-2.
Hastings, Ross. Theological Ethics: The Moral Life of the Gospel in Contemporary Context. 1st ed. Michigan, MI: Zondervan Academic, 2021.
Lives Transforming. “Historical-Cultural Background,” 2018. https://www.livestransforming.com/historical-cultural-background.
Hope, Aimie L.B., and Christopher R. Jones. “The Impact of Religious Faith on Attitudes to Environmental Issues and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies: A Mixed Methods Study.” Technology in Society 38 (August 2014): 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2014.02.003.
Jones, David W. An Introduction to Biblical Ethics (B&H Studies in Christian Ethics). Edited by Daniel Heimbach. Nashville, TN: B&H Academic, 2013.
Kartiasih, Fitri, and Wanda Pribadi. “ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POVERTY ASSESSMENT IN INDONESIA.” Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 10, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 89–97. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.10.1.89-97.
Kessler, Volker, and Louise Kretzschmar. “Christian Leadership as a Trans-Disciplinary Field of Study.” Verbum et Ecclesia 36, no. 1 (March 25, 2015): a1334. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v36i1.1334.
Kruse, Colin G. Paul’s Letter to the Romans (PNTC). Edited by D.A. Carson. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2012.
Kuyper, Abraham. Iman Kristen Dan Problema Sosial (The Problem of Poverty). Surabaya: Momentum, 2014.
Lemko, Halyna, and Tetyana Mochan. “EDUCATION OF SPIRITUALITY OF PERSONALITY AS A COMPONENT OF HUMAN VALUES OF SOCIETY.” Academic Notes Series Pedagogical Science 1, no. 190 (November 2020): 216–21. https://doi.org/10.36550/2415-7988-2020-1-190-216-221.
LenkaBula, Puleng. “Poverty, Wealth and Ecology Viewed from African Feminist Christian Political and Economic Ethics.” World Council of Churches. Accessed January 7, 2022. https://www.oikoumene.org/sites/default/files/Document/PWE_June2007_Puleng.pdf.
Lianos, Theodore. “Environment, Poverty and the Steady State Economy.” The Journal of Population and Sustainability 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2019). https://doi.org/10.3197/jps.2019.3.2.55.
Lyons, Sean. “An Exploration of Generational Values in Life and at Work.” Carleton University Research Virtual Environment, 2004. https://doi.org/10.22215/etd/2004-05791.
Mansi, Egla, Eglantina Hysa, Mirela Panait, and Marian Catalin Voica. “Poverty—A Challenge for Economic Development? Evidences from Western Balkan Countries and the European Union.” Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 7754. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187754.
Masron, Tajul Ariffin, and Yogeeswari Subramaniam. “Does Poverty Cause Environmental Degradation? Evidence from Developing Countries.” Journal of Poverty 23, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 44–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2018.1500969.
Milbank, John. Theology and Social Theory: Beyond Secular Reason. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
Modise, Leepo Johannes. “The Role of the Church in Socio-Economic Transformation: Reformation as a Transformation Process.” Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 44, no. 3 (September 19, 2018). https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/3900.
Nieves-Rosario, Rafael. “Forensic and Progressive Righteousness: An Exegesis of Romans 3:21-28 and 8:1-11.” In Conference: Theological Fellowship Conference, 151–81. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Seminary, 2021.
Northcott, Michael S. “Ecology and Christian Ethics.” In The Cambridge Companion to Christian Ethics, edited by Robin Gill, 219–38. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9781107000070.017.
Oprean, Daniel G. “The Secularization of the Church.” Kairos 14, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 7–18. https://doi.org/10.32862/k.14.2.1.
Pillay, Jerry. “The Church as a Transformation and Change Agent.” HTS Teologiese Studies 73, no. 3 (2017).
Poythress, Vern Sheridan. “Correlations With Providence In Genesis 2.” Westminster Theological Journal 78, no. 1 (2016): 29–30. https://www.galaxie.com/article/wtj78-1-02.
Randhir, Timothy O., and Ashley G. Hawes. “Ecology and Poverty in Watershed Management.” In Integrating Ecology and Poverty Reduction, 113–26. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0633-5_7.
Ratzmann, Nora. Intercultural Dialogue: A Review of Conceptual and Empirical Issues Relating to Social Transformation. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2019. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000366825&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_50f7318b-0264-43ba-a7f5-ccaf856fed92%3F_%3D366825eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/p.
Serfontein, Bernice. “Moral Origins and Christian Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Approach in Conversation with J. Wentzel van Huyssteen.” Verbum et Ecclesia 42, no. 2 (September 30, 2021). https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v42i2.2341.
Singletary, Jon. “Head, Heart, and Hand.” Social Work & Christianity 47, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 3–18. https://doi.org/10.34043/swc.v47i3.126.
Stott, John. Isu-Isu Global, Menantang Kepemimpinan Kristiani. Jakarta: Yayasan Komunikasi Bina Kaish / OMF, 2013.
Suseno, Franz Magnis. Etika Dasar (Masalah-Masalah Pokok Filsafat Moral. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2011.
Sutrisno, Sutrisno, Bobby Kurnia Putrawan, Christiani Hutabarat, and Susanti Embong Bulan. “Penerapan Nilai Karakter Bagi Kaum Proletar Usia Remaja Di Yayasan Kemah Kasih.” Abdi: Jurnal Pengabdian Dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat 3, no. 2 (August 27, 2021): 189–99. https://doi.org/10.24036/abdi.v3i2.123.
Tamawiwy, August Cornelis. “A Foundation for a Culture of Justpeace: Church as a Hermeneutic Community to Promote Peace Narratives.” MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education 2, no. 1 (2021): 61–72. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47135/mahabbah.v2i1.3.
Turner-Smith, Sarah G. “Naked But Not Ashamed: A Reading of Genesis 2:25 in Textual and Cultural Context.” The Journal of Theological Studies 69, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 425–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/fly078.
Watts, Shea. “A TABLE FOR ALL: Eucharist as Model for Radical Welcome and Community.” MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education 3, no. 1 (February 16, 2022): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.47135/mahabbah.v3i1.38.
Wilhoit, James C. “Self-Compassion as a Christian Spiritual Practice.” Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care 12, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 71–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1939790918795628.
Williams, Sam K. “The ‘Righteousness of God’ in Romans.” Journal of Biblical Literature 99, no. 2 (June 1980): 241. https://doi.org/10.2307/3265815.
Zsolnai, Laszlo. “Spirituality, Religion and the Functioning of the Economy.” Journal for the Study of Spirituality 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2022.2040158.